Epidural anesthesia and postoperatory analgesia with alpha-2 adrenergic agonists and lidocaine for ovariohysterectomy in bitches.

The aim of this study was to determine the viability and cardiorespiratory effects of the association of epidural alpha-2 adrenergic agonists and lidocaine for ovariohysterectomy (OH) in bitches. Forty-two bitches were spayed under epidural anesthesia with 2.5 mg/kg body weight (BW) of 1% lidocaine with adrenaline (CON) or in association with 0.25 mg/kg BW of xylazine (XYL), 10 µg/kg BW of romifidine (ROM), 30 µg/kg BW of detomidine (DET), 2 µg/kg BW of dexmedetomidine (DEX), or 5 µg/kg BW of clonidine (CLO). Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR) and arterial pressures were monitored immediately before and every 10 min after the epidural procedure. Blood gas and pH analysis were done before, and at 30 and 60 min after the epidural procedure. Animals were submitted to isoflurane anesthesia if they presented a slightest sign of discomfort during the procedure. Time of sensory epidural block and postoperative analgesia were evaluated. All animals in CON and DEX, 5 animals in ROM and CLO, 4 animals in XYL, and 3 in DET required supplementary isoflurane. All groups, except CLO, showed a decrease in HR. There was an increase in arterial pressures in all groups. Postoperative analgesia lasted the longest in XYL. None of the protocols were totally efficient to perform the complete procedure of OH; however, xylazine provided longer postoperative analgesia than the others.

Biópsia pulmonar incisional por toracoscopia paraxifoide transdiafragmática com dois portais em cães / Pulmonary incisional biopsy by means of transdiaphragmatic paraxiphoid thoracoscopy with two ports in dog

As doenças respiratórias observadas na clínica médica de pequenos animais são numerosas, assim como as possibilidades diagnósticas, dentre as quais encontram-se os exames laboratoriais, os estudos radiográficos, os lavados broncoalveolares e as biópsias. Na presente pesquisa avaliaram-se os resultados da toracoscopia paraxifoide transdiafragmática para a realização de biópsia pulmonar em cães, sendo utilizados para tanto, 13 animais clinicamente sadios. Sob anestesia geral, produziu-se pneumotórax no volume de 30ml kg-1 de ar ambiente para cada hemitórax. O acesso foi obtido a partir de dois trocartes, posicionados entre o apêndice xifoide e o arco costal, os quais transfixaram o diafragma. O primeiro portal foi empregado para a passagem do endoscópio e o segundo para a utilização de pinça saca-bocado, empregada na obtenção de biópsia. Em seguida, a pinça foi removida e um dreno torácico foi posicionado através do portal. Durante os procedimentos, aferiram-se as frequências respiratória e cardíaca, a saturação de oxigênio, as pressões arterial média e venosa central e os parâmetros hemogasométricos. Os drenos foram removidos num período de até 48 horas de pós-operatório, verificando-se mínima produção de ar e/ou líquido. Concluiu-se se tratar de uma técnica rápida, segura e sem complicações trans e pós-operatórias, permitindo aquisição de material suficiente para a avaliação histológica do pulmão.

There are many respiratory diseases in small animals, as well as the possibilities of diagnoses, as laboratory and radiographic exams, bronchoalveolar lavage and biopsies. This research aimed at assessing the results of transdiaphragmatic paraxiphoid thoracoscopies in pulmonary biopsies of thirteen clinically healthy dogs. Under general anesthesia, each dog was insufflated with 30ml kg-1 of air in each hemithorax; two trocars were placed between the xiphoid appendix and the costal arch through the diaphragm. An endoscope was introduced by the first portal; while the second portal was used to allow access to the nippers in the biopsy forceps. Then, these nippers were removed and replaced by chest tube drainage. During the procedures, respiratory frequency, heart rate, oxygen saturation, arterial pressure and central venous pressure (CVP), hemogasometric parameters were checked. Within 48 hours after the surgery, drains were or drain was removed, with minimal production of air and/or liquid. In conclusion, this is a fast and safe technique, which is free of trans and post surgical complications, thus allowing the collection of sufficient material for pulmonary histological evaluation.